Puritanism: Its Definition, Key Beliefs, and Impact on 16th and 17th Century Europe

Puritanism refers to an extreme Calvinist movement that aimed to 'purify' the Anglican Church from any remnants of Catholicism and to implement the full Calvinist Five Point doctrine (TULIP: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, Perseverance of the Saints). Critics and contemporaries often viewed the Puritans as intolerant and rigid, but their impact on religious, social, and political landscapes was significant and enduring.

Definition and Early Origins

Originally, the term 'Puritan' was used to describe those within the Anglican Church who sought to 'purify' its practices and beliefs. They were not initially a separate denomination but a diverse coalition of individuals and groups within the Anglican Church. The movement gained momentum in the late 16th century, driven by clergy who refused to conform to the Anglican Church's episcopal structure, seeing instead a more congregational model inspired by the writings of John Calvin.

Main Beliefs and Practices

Puritans emphasized a personal experience of salvation through Christ, strict moral discipline, and purity. They believed in the covenant of obedience to God, who was regarded as an absolute sovereign over all. Their commitment to societal reform included efforts towards education, literacy, temperance, and republicanism. They sought to create a 'city upon a hill,' a society governed by virtue and righteousness, with a focus on moral and religious purity.

Key Differentials from Other Christian Sects

Unlike many other Calvinist movements, Puritans were known for their extreme religious intolerance, particularly towards the Catholic Church, Anglicanism, and Lutheranism. They were instrumental in efforts to abolish practices they viewed as 'pagan,' such as Christmas, which they considered an inappropriate blend of religious and secular elements. Their strict and intolerant views led to conflicts within the movement and sometimes alliances with other groups, such as the Quakers, whom they initially supported before turning against them.

Impact on Society and Government

During the English Civil War in the 1640s, the Parliament, supported by Oliver Cromwell's army, pursued a Calvinist reform, making the state church Presbyterian and attempting to dismantle the episcopal structure. This led to the beheading of King Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy, and Cromwell becoming Lord Protector. This era is noted for its religious intolerance, particularly in Ireland, where Puritan efforts to enforce their beliefs led to conflicts and ultimately, Cromwell's reputation as a tyrant.

After Cromwell's death, the English people returned to the Anglican episcopal church, reinstating the monarchy. However, the legacy of Puritanism lived on in the form of radical political and social ideas. Groups like the Levelers, who advocated for universal suffrage, and the Diggers, who proposed communal ownership of land, emerged and pushed for greater social and political equality.

Modern Day Equivalents

Today, while the Puritan movement is no longer active as a distinct religious or political force, its emphasis on moral and ethical behavior, education, and social justice can be seen in various forms. Contemporary movements and organizations that emphasize moral righteousness, community service, and social reform can be seen as modern-day equivalents to the Puritans. These include religious groups, social justice initiatives, and even some secular advocacy organizations.