Exploring the Origins of Abstract Art Prior to 1800

When discussing the history of abstract art, it is important to distinguish between artistic styles that engage with abstract concepts and those that are strictly defined as abstract art. Traditionally, abstract art is considered to be a modern phenomenon, with notable contributions from artists such as Wassily Kandinsky in 1910. However, there are several examples of earlier art that can be seen as precursors or examples of abstract art concepts.

Pre-1800 Examples of Abstract Art

One example of abstract-like art is the Bhimbetka petroglyphs in India, which date back to between 290,000 and 700,000 BCE. These rock art depictions involve simple cupule patterns and lines that lack clear representation, aligning with some aspects of modern abstract art.

Another early example is the pre-Columbian Pueblo rugs and pottery, which often feature intricate patterns and designs that could be seen as abstract. Similarly, 18th-century British artist J.M.W. Turner occasionally engaged in abstract techniques, particularly in certain of his later works.

Artistic Styles Influential to Abstract Art

While there may not be examples of strict abstract art from before the 19th century, several artistic styles and periods exhibited abstract qualities that influenced later abstract artists. For instance:

Mannerism in the Late Renaissance

The Mannerist movement, which emerged around 1530 to the early 1600s, saw notable distortion of figures by artists such as Pontormo, Tintoretto, and El Greco. Their elongated attenuated figures and evocative use of color could be seen as early precursors to the abstraction of later periods. This period marked a significant break from the naturalism of the High Renaissance and a more emphasized emotional and psychological focus in art.

Medieval and Gothic Art

Medieval art, particularly works from the Gothic era, often featured a flatness and pattern that could be described as abstract. The emphasis on intricate details, repetitive patterns, and the two-dimensional nature of the art form are reminiscent of abstract concepts.

Greek Cycladic Art

In Greek art, the Cycladic era of Aegean art (around 3000-2000 BCE) presented figures as starkly simplified and reduced in scheme. The Geometric period (around 900-700 BCE) further emphasized intricate patterns such as spirals and zigzags, simplifying human and animal figures into almost stick-like forms. These depictions influenced later abstract artists, though it is crucial to note the caution in describing them as "abstract," as their primary purpose was representational within the cultural context of their time.

Conclusion: The Development of Abstract Art

In conclusion, while abstract art as a distinct genre emerged later in the 19th and early 20th centuries, there are several examples and artistic styles from pre-1800 that exhibit abstract qualities. Artists and theorists today often look to these early works for inspiration and understanding, recognizing the influences and continuities in the evolution of artistic expression.