Exploring the Historical Evidence of Bharatanatyam’s Performance by Devadasis in Ancient Temples

India's rich cultural heritage is a blend of various artistic expressions, with Bharatanatyam being one of the most prominent among them. This classical dance form has a fascinating history that can be traced back to the ancient traditions of Devadasis, who performed these dances in sacred temples. However, the question remains: Is there any historical evidence of Bharatanatyam being performed by Devadasis in temples before its revival in Tamil Nadu, and if so, where can this evidence be found?

Historical Context of Devadasis and Bharatanatyam

Devadasis were sacred women who conceptualized and performed religious rituals in connection with Hindu deities. In the southern region of India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, these women were often the performers of the dance and music associated with devotional worship. Their performances in temples were not just artistic but also religious in nature, as they were believed to connect the devotees at the temple with the divine.

Bharatanatyam, as a codified form, is believed to have extensively evolved during the reign of the Pallava dynasty, which ruled over a significant part of southern India from the 4th to the 9th century A.D. Over time, the form became more elaborate and sophisticated, with a rich repertoire of classical compositions, rhythmic nuances, and intricate footwork.

Historical Evidence of Devadasi Performances in Temples

Historical evidence of Devadasis performing Bharatanatyam in temples can be found in various texts, inscriptions, and images. For instance, the Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva, has inscriptions from the 11th century mentioning Devadasis performing dance rituals. The existence of Devadasis and their roles in temple performances are also documented in the inscriptions of the Thanjavur Temple and other temples in Tamil Nadu.

One of the most significant textual sources is the Maninkaik Kadhai (The Legend of the King and the Sacred Mothers), a Tamil narrative that tells the story of a king Sivaraayar who dedicated the royal dancer Biruttan to the Chidambaram Temple as a Devadasi. This account provides a vivid portrayal of the Devadasis' lives and their roles in temple performances.

Modern Revival and Preservation

While the Devadasi tradition faced significant challenges, leading to the depletion of its cultural practices and women's rights, the revival of Bharatanatyam in Tamil Nadu began in the early 20th century. An unlikely figure in this revival was the great Bharat Natyam dancer and scholar, Rukmini Devi Arundale. Her efforts, along with the support of various artists and scholars, led to the codification of Bharatanatyam as a classical dance form.

Today, Bharatanatyam is a celebrated form of dance across India and the world. However, the preservation of its roots in ancient Devadasi traditions is crucial. Efforts have been made to document and revive aspects of this legacy. The Kalakshetra foundation in Chennai, founded by Rukmini Devi, plays a significant role in preserving and promoting the cultural heritage, including the history of Devadasis.

Conclusion and Where to Find Evidence

While the roots of Bharatanatyam can be traced back to Devadasis in ancient temples, the evidence of their performances is preserved in various historical documents, inscriptions, and texts. These sources not only provide a glimpse into the past but also serve as a testament to the rich cultural heritage of India. Visitors to Tamil Nadu can explore the temples and visit museums like the Archaeological Museum in Tanjore, which houses many artifacts that provide insights into these ancient traditions. The digital repositories and databases maintained by organizations like the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) also offer access to a wealth of historical and cultural information.