How Did the Romans Choose Their Emperor?

Introduction to Roman Emperor Titles and Selection

Contrary to popular belief, the term ldquo;emperorrdquo; as we commonly use it in modern contexts is a medieval label. In ancient Rome, the title ldquo;emperorrdquo; was not officially used until later periods. The preferred title was imperator, a title originally held by victorious generals and later adopted by Augustus as part of his elaborate propaganda campaign.

However, by the year AD 69, the military played an increasingly critical role in the selection of emperors. This was when legions began actively influencing changes in leadership, leading to the term imperator gaining a new connotation closer to the idea of a ruler. The process of choosing emperors was complex, involving a blend of military power, political maneuvering, and public support.

Key Methods of Selecting Emperors

Hereditary Succession

In the early years of the Roman Empire, emperors often adopted successors, creating a form of hereditary succession. Augustus, for instance, adopted Tiberius as his heir. While this method provided a degree of stability and continuity, it was not the only way power was transferred.

Military Support

The backing of the military was crucial to an emperor’s ascension. Generals could become emperors by gaining the loyalty of their troops, as exemplified by leaders such as Vespasian and Septimius Severus. This method underscored the power dynamics inherent in Roman society.

Senatorial Approval

Although its power diminished over time, the Senate played a role in legitimizing emperors. Early emperors sought Senate approval to strengthen their authority, although this formal process was less prominent in later periods.

Popular Acclamation

Public support could also lead to an emperor’s rise to power, particularly during times of crisis or civil war. Leaders could be proclaimed emperor through popular acclaim, as seen in situations of unrest.

Adoption and Usurpation

Some emperors adopted capable individuals as successors, ensuring competent leadership. This practice was particularly notable during the later periods of the Empire. Usurpation, whereby individuals claimed the title of emperor through force or political maneuvering, also became common during times of instability, often resulting in civil wars.

Complexity and Pragmatism in Emperor Selection

The selection of emperors was not a systematic process but rather a complex interplay of various factors. The system was pragmatic, adapting to the realities of the time and the balance of power at play.

Rome was founded to avoid tyranny, and even successful leaders like Augustus did not rule in the traditional sense. He used legal means and managed republican government, with one-third of the Empire remaining under senatorial oversight until the full autocracy under Diocletian.

Conclusion

To understand how Roman leaders acquired the title and position of emperor, it is essential to recognize the multifaceted nature of the process. Whether through bloodline, military might, senatorial endorsement, or popular support, the selection of emperors was a combination of historical context and the pragmatic exercise of power.