Decoding the Suffix ‘-ward’ in English

The suffix -ward or -wards in English has a distinct and historically rich significance. This post explores the origin, usage, and contemporary relevance of -ward, as well as its relation to another English word, ward.

Historical Origins and Etymology

The suffix -ward has its roots in Old English, where it served to indicate the direction of movement or action. It is derived from wārdan, meaning to protect or guard. This suffix has a long history, often found in literature and traditional English expressions.

Meaning and Usage of –ward

Generally, the suffix -ward or -wards means "in the direction of" and does not necessarily imply reaching the destination. Here are a few examples:

He is homeward bound

Translation: He is on his way home.

The windward side of the island

Translation: The side of the island facing the direction of the wind.

Although -ward is an archaic suffix, it continues to be used in modern English, primarily in fixed expressions and idioms where its meaning is well understood. However, it is not common to create new words with this suffix, as people generally understand it within established contexts.

Common Expressions and Examples

Many English expressions use the suffix -ward to convey direction or orientation. Here are a few examples:

Landward – towards the land, in a direction away from the sea

Wards – defenses or protective measures (as in "ward off")

Starward – in the direction of the stars (hypothetical usage)

Seaward – towards the sea, in a direction towards the ocean

These expressions demonstrate the practical and idiomatic use of -ward in English.

Relation to Another English Word: Ward

Another English word, ward, also carries a protective or guarding meaning. However, this word is not typically used as a suffix. Instead, it can be a noun, verb, or preposition, often followed by "off."

She is doing all she can to ward off COVID

Translation: She is taking all necessary steps to avoid or prevent the spread of the illness.

This usage reflects the historical connection between the two words, as they both originate from the concept of protection or guarding. While -ward is primarily associated with direction, ward can be used to express actions aimed at protection.

Conclusion

The suffix -ward in English provides a nuanced way to express direction and can be found in many idiomatic expressions. While it is less commonly used to create new words, its original meaning as a protection or guarding device remains relevant in certain contexts. Understanding the nuances of -ward and its relation to the word ward can enhance one's knowledge of the English language and improve both reading and writing skills.

For more insights into the English language and its rich history, continue exploring our resources and articles.