Can Charcoal Be Safely Used on Canvas?

Back in the mid-80s, during my college years, we would often create a smooth base for our paintings by applying gesso to the canvas. Once dry, we’d lightly sand it to create a more even surface. This preparatory step, known as a 'gesso ground,' was crucial for our subsequent art works, especially when dealing with oil paintings. Then, before laying down a traditional realistic oil application, we would draw a charcoal sketch to establish the composition and tonal values of the piece. Charcoal, whether made from willow or compressed forms, served as our essential preliminary tool.

The Importance of Preparation

Correctly preparing the canvas is vital before using any medium, including charcoal. Canvas should be stretched properly and primed to ensure it is stable and ready for the application of any type of paint or drawing material. A well-primed canvas can resist tears, cracks, and color bleeding, making it a suitable surface for both charcoal and oil painting.

Charcoal: A Versatile Medium

Willow charcoal is made from burnt willow wood, which produces a light, smoky quality when used on canvas. It is especially useful for initial sketches as it can be easily applied and removed. Compressed charcoal, on the other hand, is made from pure carbon, which results in a darker, more permanent line. It is ideal for creating more detailed and intricate drawings.

Techniques for Using Charcoal on Canvas

When using charcoal on canvas, it is important to understand that charcoal is a porous material that can absorb stroke marks easily. This characteristic makes it perfect for capturing the essence of your subject. However, since charcoal can be harder to control, especially if the marks are removed, it is crucial to fix your drawing using a fixative after the charcoal is applied. Atmospheric fixatives, like sprays, can be used to lock in the charcoal drawing and prevent it from smearing or smudging.

The choice of fixative depends on the nature of the charcoal and the canvas. For example, silica-based fixatives are effective for willow charcoal, while gum-based fixatives work well for compressed charcoal. It is also important to consider the light sensitivity of the fixative, as some can yellow over time, which might alter the overall appearance of the artwork.

Shading and Texture with Charcoal

Charcoal is an excellent medium for shading and adding texture to your drawings. By varying the pressure and technique, you can create a wide range of tonal values, from light highlights to deep shadows. Combining different types of charcoal, such as vine and compressed, can add depth and complexity to your drawing. Experienced artists often layer charcoal to build up intricate details and to enhance the overall trompe-l'?il effect of the artwork.

For beginners, it is advisable to practice drawing on a scratchboard or a piece of paper before attempting to draw on canvas. This allows you to hone your techniques and gain confidence before committing to a larger piece. After a thorough practice session, you can then transfer your composition to the canvas without fear of mistakes.

Resist and Fix Concerns

The phrase 'So long as you ‘fix’ it or it will easily run off' highlights the importance of proper fixation. Once you have created your charcoal drawing, it is imperative to apply a fixative to ensure that the marks do not smudge or become difficult to control. Fixatives can also help to control the aging and yellowing of the charcoal over time. Moreover, fixing the drawing before laying down any oils can prevent incompatible reactions between the charcoal and oil paints, which could damage the artwork in the long run.

Conclusion

Charcoal can indeed be safely used on canvas, provided that the groundwork is properly laid, and the charcoal is fixed correctly. With the right techniques and tools, charcoal can bring great depth and detail to your oil paintings. Remember to choose the appropriate fixative, consider the type of charcoal you are using, and pay attention to light sensitivity to ensure that your artwork remains vibrant and resistant to smudging or yellowing.

Whether you're an experienced artist or a beginner, using charcoal effectively on canvas can enhance the richness and depth of your oil paintings. Explore its possibilities and unleash your creativity!