Bharatanatyam: The Oldest Indian Classical Dance Tradition

Bharatanatyam, the most celebrated and revered classical dance form of India, traces its roots back to the ancient temples of Tamil Nadu. Renamed from Sadir Attam in 1932, Bharatanatyam continues to captivate audiences with its grace, precision, and spiritual depth. This dance form is one of the eight recognized classical dance traditions of India, alongside Mohiniyattam, Manipuri, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Sattriya, and Odissi.

Origins of Bharatanatyam

The origins of Bharatanatyam can be traced back to the 2nd century CE, where it is mentioned in the old Tamil epic Silappadikaram. Statuaries from the 6th to 9th centuries CE indicate that it was well-polished and widely practiced by the middle of the 1st millennium CE. This dance form is nourished by the rich cultural and spiritual heritage of South India, particularly Tamil Nadu.

Key Components of Bharatanatyam

Bharatanatyam is deeply rooted in the elements of Bhava (expression), Raga (melody), and Tala (rhythm). It is performed through a complex system of mudras (hand gestures) and abhinaya (expression). The dance also includes intricate footwork, stances, and movements. Each performance is a blend of spirituality, devotion, and artistry.

Bharatanatyam as the Oldest Classical Dance in India

While Bharatanatyam is considered the oldest among all classical dance forms, it is not the only ancient dance form in India. For instance, Odissi, another classical dance form, dates back to the 2nd century BC, as evidenced by archaeological findings in the Udaygiri caves. However, Bharatanatyam has a unique place in the history of Indian dance, given its long and continuous tradition stemming from the ancient temples.

Historical Context

The origins of Bharatanatyam can be traced to Sadir Attam, the solo dance performance of temple dancers (devadasis). The term "Bharata" is often linked to Bharata Muni, an ancient sage who authored the Natya Shastra, an influential treatise on the performing arts. Scholars have various interpretations of the name "Bharatanatyam," some attributing it to the melding of Bhava, Raga, and Taal.

Ancient Dance Traditions in India

Before the formation of classical dance as Bharatanatyam, there were many forms of rural dances in India. Rock art paintings from the prehistoric era depict group dances, showcasing the antiquity of dancing. For instance, the ancient dance form Thunangai is mentioned in Tholkaappiyar's work, which describes different types of rural group dances and the abhinayas of classical dance. One variety, Thazhvu Thunangai, is still performed as a Baancket dance in Punjab, while the other, Thoal Thunangai, is still performed in Andhra Pradesh and Santal villages in Bihar.

Conclusion

Bharatanatyam, despite its rich and ancient heritage, has evolved over time, adapting to the changing socio-economic and cultural landscapes of India. It continues to be a vibrant and dynamic form of dance, rated as the oldest in the list of classical dance forms in India. This dance form holds a special place not only in the cultural tapestry of India but also in the global appreciation of ancient Indian arts.

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