A History of Capitals in Thailand: From Ayutthaya to Bangkok

Thailand, historically known as Siam, has seen several capital cities over the course of its long and rich history. As of today, Bangkok is still the capital, but before it, there were other cities that held the title of royal residence. Here, we delve into the story of these capitals, from the ancient city of Ayutthaya to the vibrant metropolis of Bangkok.

Thailand's Early Capitals

Before Bangkok became the capital of modern Thailand in 1782, there were several other cities that held the title. One of the most significant of these was Thonburi, which functioned as the capital from 1767 to 1782. Thonburi served as the capital after the fall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, and during this period, King Rama I moved the royal court to the east bank of the Chao Phraya River to lay the groundwork for what would become modern Bangkok.

The Rise of Thonburi and Ayutthaya

Thonburi was not the first city to hold the title of capital, however. Before Thonburi, Ayutthaya (now known as the Si Chiang Ma district) was the capital from 1350 to 1767. Ayutthaya was not only a bustling city but also a center of cultural and economic activity that helped shape the modern Thai capital. The city's influence can still be seen in many of Bangkok's modern buildings, which reflect Ayutthaya-era urban planning and design.

Historical Context and Geography

The city of Thonburi and the Ayutthaya Kingdom played fundamental roles in the history of Thailand. For instance, Thonburi's western bank location was significant because it was situated on the opposite bank of the Chao Phraya River from Ayutthaya. This strategic positioning allowed for easier governance and trade. Thonburi's official name during this time was Thonburi Si Mahasamut, which translates to City of Treasures Gracing the Ocean.

The Sukhothai and Phitsanulok Periods

Before the rise of Ayutthaya, the Kingdom of Sukhothai (1238 - 1438) and the subsequent Ayutthaya Kingdom saw significant changes in capital cities. In the Sukhothai period, three cities held the title of capital: Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, and Lopburi. Similarly, during the Ayutthaya era, three cities were considered capitals: Ayutthaya, Phitsanulok, and Lopburi. In the late 18th century, when the Thonburi Kingdom and the Rattanakosin Kingdom emerged, Thonburi continued to hold the title of capital until Bangkok became the center of governance.

Bangkok: The Present Capital

Today, Bangkok is the capital of Thailand, known officially as Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Ayuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit. This name is quite lengthy, and it is often shortened to Krung Thep in the Thai language. In everyday life, however, Thai people typically refer to the city simply as Phakada (?????ロ) in Thai, meaning Bangkok, especially when communicating with other Thais.

The Evolution of Bangkok's Name

Interestingly, Bangkok itself is a colloquial term that has been adopted by foreign visitors and, eventually, embraced by the general public. According to the Ayutthaya Chronicles, the name Bangkok means 'city of fruits' or 'fruit town.' The term Thonburi Si Mahasamut was a more formal designation used during the Thonburi era, but it is not commonly used in modern times.

Conclusion

From the early days of the Sukhothai Kingdom to the more recent Ayutthaya and Thonburi periods, and ultimately to the current capital of Bangkok, the history of Thailand's capital cities is a fascinating journey through time. Each city played a crucial role in the development and evolution of Thai culture, governance, and society. Understanding this history is essential for anyone interested in the rich tapestry of Thai history and its ongoing influence on the modern nation.